El Techno

Nombre: Jorge Rivera Villarreal

Materia: Taller (TLR)

Grado: 2°

Grupo: “B”

Matrícula: F-3053

www.UAR.edu.mx

Universidad – Monterrey

Universidad – México

Escuelas – Monterrey

UAR

Introducción

El techno es un género de música electrónica de baile que surgió en Detroit, EE. UU., hacia mediados de los años 1980. La primera grabación que empleó la palabra techno como referencia a un género musical data de 1988. En la actualidad existen multitud de estilos de techno, si bien está generalmente aceptado que la génesis del género se encuentra en el detroit techno y en sus precursores. El origen del techno se encuentra en la fusión de ciertas corrientes de música europea, basadas en el uso experimental del sintetizador, con diferentes estilos de música de raíz afroamericana como el funk, el free jazz o el primer electro. A esto se añade la influencia de una estética y temática de corte futurista, basada tanto en la ciencia ficción como en algunas ideas de la obra de Alvin Toffler.

Desarrollo

Techno

El propio término techno deriva del concepto de "techno rebels" presente en el libro La Tercera Ola del sociólogo estadounidense. Esta combinación de ideas acerca el techno a un tipo de estética afrofuturista y cyberpunk.

La prensa especializada y los seguidores del techno critican el uso poco riguroso que en ocasiones se da al término, pues a veces se confunde con otros estilos diferentes con los que nada tiene que ver, como el dance o el trance.

A medida que el sonido original se iba desarrollando hacia finales de los años 1980 y principios de los años 1990, también empezó a ampliar su espectro estilístico lo que hasta entonces se había llamado techno. Éste pasó a incluir desde proyectos musicales de corte pop como el de Moby hasta colectivos con profundos sentimientos anti comerciales como Underground Resistance, o artistas que comenzaron a experimentar con sonoridades jazz o ambient.

En esta época, el sonido techno pasó a gozar de un gran seguimiento underground en Reino Unido, Alemania y Bélgica. El crecimiento de la popularidad del techno entre 1988 y 1992 se debió en buena medida a la escena rave.

En EE. UU., fuera de las escenas locales de Detroit, Nueva York y Chicago, el interés por el techno se reveló limitado. Los productores de Detroit, frustrados por la falta de oportunidades en su propio país, comenzaron a fijarse cada vez más en Europa. A esta primera ola de expatriados se unió pronto una segunda generación de productores originarios mayoritariamente también de Detroit.

 Se les conoce como la "segunda ola", y entre ellos se encuentran Carl Craig, Octave One, Jay Denham, Kenny Larkin y Stacey Pullen. En esta corriente se puede incluir también el colectivo Underground Resistance, con el que el techno se hace más duro y adquiere un contenido de reivindicación política.

Underground Resistance (UR) fue formado hacia 1990 por Mike Banks y el DJ Jeff Mills, a los que pronto se unió Robert Hood. Posteriormente se les fueron adhiriendo otros colaboradores, como el dibujante de cómics Alan Oldham, el veterano James Pennington, productores como Blake Baxter o el grupo Scan 7.

Underground Resistance, además de continuar el desarrollo del detroit techno hacia un campo musicalmente más corrosivo y ácido, también le aporta una dimensión política: un concepto militante que se alejaba del futurismo escapista de sus predecesores y tenía más que ver con un cierto universo cyberpunk.

Según pasan los años, el estilo se va tornando duro y minimalista, progresivamente se van eliminando los elementos más reconocibles de la esencia soul y los temas se hacen cada vez más sintéticos. Se trata del minimal techno, uno de cuyos mayores exponentes es el disco Minimal Nation de Robert Hood (1994).

Al mismo tiempo, comienzan a aparecer progresivamente artistas que sin ser oriundos de Detroit se pueden vincular con la escena techno de la segunda ola. Tal es el caso del canadiense Richie Hawtin. Hawtin compartiría inicialmente el sonido de UR, si bien no su concepto ni ideología. Junto a John Acquaviva fundó el sello Plus 8 Records, muy popular en la década de 1990.

Otras escenas regionales

En Europa, el techno llega a Italia en 1993 desarrollándose dos escenas diferentes, una en Reggio Emilia y otra en Nápoles. La primera tenía una línea orientada hacia el hardcore mientras que la segunda producía techno de corte más clásico con artistas como Rino Cerrone, Gaetano Parisio o Marco Carola.

Algo similar ocurre en España, donde en las ciudades de Valencia y Barcelona se originaron las primeras escenas techno, a comienzos de los años 1990 en la primera y a mediados de la década en Barcelona.

En ambas se dan los primeros pasos del denominado sonido mákina, aproximadamente entre 1989 y 1990.^{[55] [56]} En Valencia emerge el primer grupo que produce techno en España, Megabeat. Tras la caída del comunismo y la división de la antigua Yugoslavia, los antiguos países yugoslavos desarrollan también una cierta escena con artistas como Uros Umek, Valentino Kanzyani y Marko Nastic. Por otra parte, también el techno tiene cierto seguimiento en los países escandinavos.

Conclusión

En Suecia, DJs como Adam Beyer o Cari Lekebusch fueron los primeros en mezclar este tipo de sonidos, acercándose Aril Brikha hacia el detroit techno. Si bien el techno se consagró principalmente en Europa Occidental y en EE. UU., desde principios de la década de 1990 da el salto a otros países. En Europa Oriental, el techno se convierte en símbolo del nuevo modelo económico tras la caída del Muro de Berlín. En Sudamérica se producen eventos techno en la primera mitad de esta década en las ciudades más importantes de la región, aunque no se desarrolla una escena hasta bien avanzada la década. También en Japón existe un gran interés por este género musical, con destacados productores como Ken Ishii.

Pollution

Name: Jorge Rivera Villarreal

Matter: English

Grade: 2°

Group: “B”

Enroll: F-3053

www.UAR.edu.mx

Universidad – Monterrey

Universidad – México

Escuelas – Monterrey

UAR

Introduction

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. The Blacksmith Institute issues an annual list of the world's worst polluted places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine and Zambia. Air pollution has always accompanied civilizations. Pollution started from the prehistoric times when man created the first fires.

Development

Forms of pollution

The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular contaminant relevant to each of them:

• Air pollution:- the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by their micrometre size PM₁₀ to PM_2.5.

• Light pollution:- includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.
• Littering:- the criminal throwing of inappropriate man-made objects, unremoved, onto public and private properties.
• Noise pollution:- which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.
• Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
• Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment. Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.
• Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash, municipal solid waste or space debris.
• Water pollution, by the discharge of wastewater from commercial and industrial waste into surface waters; discharges of untreated domestic sewage, and chemical contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated sewage; release of waste and contaminants into surface runoff flowing to surface waters waste disposal and leaching into groundwater; eutrophication and littering.

Environment

Pollution has been found to be present widely in the environment. There are a number of effects of this:

• Biomagnification describes situations where toxins (such as heavy metals) may pass through trophic levels, becoming exponentially more concentrated in the process.
• Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO₂ becomes dissolved.
• The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.
• Invasive species can out compete native species and reduce biodiversity. Invasive plants can contribute debris and biomolecules (allelopathy) that can alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often reducing native species competitiveness.
• Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilise land which can change the species composition of ecosystems.
• Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out photosynthesis and leads to the production of tropospheric ozone which damages plants.
• Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other organisms in the food web.
• Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain which lowers the pH value of soil.

Environmental health information

The Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) at the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) maintains a comprehensive toxicology and environmental health web site that includes access to resources produced by TEHIP and by other government agencies and organizations. This web site includes links to databases, bibliographies, tutorials, and other scientific and consumer-oriented resources. TEHIP also is responsible for the Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) an integrated system of toxicology and environmental health databases that are available free of charge on the web.

TOXMAP is a Geographic Information System (GIS) that is part of TOXNET. TOXMAP uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory and Superfund Basic Research Programs.

Conclusion

Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrhoeal sickness every day. Nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water. 656,000 people die prematurely each year in China because of air pollution. In India, air pollution is believed to cause 527,700 fatalities a year. Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the US could be over 50,000.

My Favorite Singer

Name: Jorge Rivera Villarreal

Matter: English

Grade: 2°

Group: “B”

Enroll: F-3053

www.UAR.edu.mx

Universidad – Monterrey

Universidad – México

Escuelas – Monterrey

UAR

Introduction

Armando was born to Cuban parents in Miami, FL. When he was three, he could recite the works of Cuba's national hero and poet, José Martí. He encountered problems early in his career as a rapper because he is white, has blue eyes, is from the South and is Cuban. He was also influenced by the Miami bass genre of pop music and has cited Celia Cruz and Willy Chirino as sources of inspiration for his music. Perez's parents separated when he was young, and he was raised by his mother. He later spent time with a foster family in Roswell, Georgia. At age 16, his mother kicked him out of their house after he became a drug dealer, as had his father before him. He then graduated from Miami Coral Park High School and focused his career in rapping.

Development

Armando Cristian Pérez (born January 15, 1981), better known by his stage name Pitbull, is an American rapper, songwriter, actor and record producer. His first recorded performance was from the Lil Jon album Kings of Crunk in 2002. In 2004, he released his debut album titled M.I.A.M.I. (short for Money Is A Major Issue) under TVT Records. Since then, he has released three other albums under the label: El Mariel in 2006, The Boatlift in 2007, and Planet Pit in 2011.

He released Rebelution in 2009, which included singles "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" and "Krazy". The latter peaked at No. 30 on the Hot 100 and No. 11 on the Hot Rap Tracks charts while "I Know You Want Me" peaked at No. 2 on the Hot 100 and peaked within the top ten spots of charts in the UK, Canada, Italy, and the Netherlands. The song reached No. 1 in France and the European Hot 100 on the week ending August 29, 2009 according to Billboard magazine. He later signed with Polo Grounds Music through Sony Music and created his own label Mr. 305 Inc. Another single from Rebelution was "Hotel Room Service", which peaked at No. 8 on the Hot 100. Rebelution went on to sell over 7.5 million worldwide digital singles and albums combined.

Pérez is also the host of his own Spanish-language program on the cable channel Mun2 titled La Esquina (Spanish for The Corner).

In 2005 Pérez and rapper Sean 'Diddy' Combs co-founded Bad Boy Latino, a subsidiary of Combs' Bad Boy Records label. It primarily focuses on Latin hip hop, Latin soul, Latin pop and other Tropical music, and has offices in New York, New York and Miami, Florida. Along with co-founding it, Pérez currently heads the A&R division of the label.

Pérez has become a product endorser, representing alongside Drake, Rihanna, and Trey Songz the “So Kodak” campaign for the Kodak brand and embarking on a partnership with the soda giant Dr Pepper as part of the campaign “Vida 23” for which he recorded the song specifically featured on his album Armando. Pitbull also announced he has become the spokesperson for Voli Vodka, in which he holds a majority equity stake.

2006–08: El Mariel and The Boatlift

In January 2006, he guest-starred in UPN's South Beach. Also in 2006, he recorded "Nuestro Himno" in collaboration with Wyclef Jean, Carlos Ponce, and Olga Tañón. On Listennn... the Album, the debut album by Terror Squad member and Miami radio personality DJ Khaled, Pitbull performed on three singles: "Holla at Me" and "Born-N-Raised" alongside other Southern-based rappers.

El Mariel, Pitbull's second album, was released in October 2006. The title was in reference to the town from which the Cuban refugees came to Florida (1980) and referenced in the movie Scarface. He dedicated the album to his father, who died in May of that year. Along with the usual party-oriented tracks, Pitbull also included politically themed tracks in El Mariel. The album was released on October 31, 2006, and included singles "Bojangles", "Ay Chico (Lengua Afuera)", "Fuego", and duet with Puerto Rican singer Ken-Y, "Dime (Remix)". El Mariel topped the Billboard independent albums chartand peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 and No. 2 on the rap chart.

2009–10: Rebelution and Armando

For his fourth studio album Rebelution, Pitbull released "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" through Ultra Records after his former label TVT Records went out of business. "Krazy" peaked at No. 30 on the Hot 100 and No. 11 on the Hot Rap Tracks charts. "I Know You Want Me" peaked at No. 2 on the Hot 100 and peaked within the top ten spots of charts in the UK, Canada, Italy, and the Netherlands. The song reached No. 1 in France and the European Hot 100 in the week ending August 29, 2009 according to Billboard magazine. On Dec. 11, 2009, Billboard announced their Year-End Canadian Update, placing "I Know You Want Me" at No. 7 on the Hot 100 chart and No. 2 on the CHR/Top 40 chart.

Conclusion

Pitbull will start his new world tour in June 2012. The tour includes the concert in Ulan Bator, Mongolia on July 26. In 2012, Pitbull was involved in an advertising campaign with Walmart, in which the Walmart store that gets the most Facebook "likes" from June 18 to July 15, 2012 would have Pitbull visit and put on a show there. An orchestrated campaign that began on Twitter urged people to vote for a remote location in Kodiak, Alaska, resulting in a sizable lead for that store. Walmart spokesperson Sarah Spencer said that Pitbull's definitely coming to Kodiak if Kodiak wins. In an email to the Associated Press Walmart confirms that Kodiak has won and that Pitbull will be performing there on July 30, 2012.

My Favorite Sport

Name: Jorge Rivera Villarreal

Matter: English

Grade: 2°

Group: “B”

Enroll: F-3053

www.UAR.edu.mx

Universidad – Monterrey

Universidad – México

Escuelas – Monterrey

UAR

Introduction

Football refers to a number of sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with the foot to score a goal. The most popular of these sports worldwide is association football, more commonly known as just "football" or "soccer". Unqualified, the word football applies to whichever form of football is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears, including association football, as well as American football, Australian rules football, Canadian football, Gaelic football, rugby league, rugby union and other related games. These variations of football are known as football codes. Various forms of football can be identified in history, often as popular peasant games. Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools in the eighteenth and nineteenth century.

Development

The influence and power of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread, including to areas of British influence outside of the directly controlled Empire, though by the end of the nineteenth century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic Football, for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage. In 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football competitions. In the twentieth century, the various codes of football have become amongst the most popular team sports in the world.

The various codes of football share the following common elements:

• Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players; some variations that have fewer players (five or more per team) are also popular.
• A clearly defined area in which to play the game.
• Scoring goals or points, by moving the ball to an opposing team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line.
• Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts.
• The goal or line being defended by the opposing team.
• Players being required to move the ball—depending on the code—by kicking, carrying, or hand-passing the ball.
• Players using only their body to move the ball.

In most codes, there are rules restricting the movement of players offside, and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts.

The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet.These games appear to have resembled rugby football.The Roman politician Cicero (106–43 BC) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barber's shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the follis.

Documented evidence of an activity resembling football can be found in the Chinese military manual Zhan Guo Ce compiled between the 3rd century and 1st century BC. It describes a practice known which originally involved kicking a leather ball through a small hole in a piece of silk cloth which was fixed on bamboo canes and hung about 9 m above ground.

In 1880, Yale coach Walter Camp, devised a number of major changes to the American game. Camp's two most important rule innovations in establishing American football as distinct from the rugby football games on which it is based are scrimmage and down-and-distance rules.

The word "football", when used in reference to a specific game can mean any one of those described above. Because of this, much friendly controversy has occurred over the term football, primarily because it is used in different ways in different parts of the English-speaking world. Most often, the word "football" is used to refer to the code of football that is considered dominant within a particular region. So, effectively, what the word "football" means usually depends on where one says it.

Association football is known generally as soccer where other codes of football are dominant, including: the United States, Canada, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand. American football is always football in the United States. In francophone Quebec, where Canadian football is more popular, the Canadian code is known as football and association football is known as le soccer. Of the 45 national FIFA affiliates in which English is an official or primary language, most currently use Football in their organizations' official names. The FIFA affiliates in Canada and the United States use Soccer in their names.

A few FIFA affiliates have recently "normalized" to using "Football", including:

• Australia's association football governing body changed its name in 2007 from using "soccer" to "football"
• New Zealand also changed in 2007, saying "the international game is called football."
• Samoa changed from "Samoa Football (Soccer) Federation" to "Football Federation Samoa" in 2009.

Association football and descendants

• Association football, also known as football, soccer, footy and footie
• Paralympic football — modified Football for athletes with a disability. Includes:
• Football 5-a-side — for visually impaired athletes
• Football 7-a-side — for athletes with cerebral palsy
• Amputee football — for athletes with amputations
• Deaf football — for athletes with hearing impairments
• Electric wheelchair soccer

Conclusion

In the mid-19th century, various traditional football games, referred to collectively as caid, remained popular in Ireland, especially in County Kerry. One observer, Father W. Ferris, described two main forms of caid during this period: the "field game" in which the object was to put the ball through arch-like goals, formed from the boughs of two trees; and the epic "cross-country game" which took up most of the daylight hours of a Sunday on which it was played, and was won by one team taking the ball across a parish boundary. "Wrestling", "holding" opposing players, and carrying the ball were all allowed. By the 1870s, Rugby and Association football had started to become popular in Ireland. Trinity College, Dublin was an early stronghold of Rugby (see the Developments in the 1850s section, above). The rules of the English FA were being distributed widely. Traditional forms of caid had begun to give way to a "rough-and-tumble game" which allowed tripping.

Indoor/basketball court varieties of Football: